Procalcitonin and NLR Measurements in COVID-19 Patients

The disease COVID-19 is brought on by SARS-CoV-2, a brand-new coronavirus. Following its detection by the WHO, this novel virus was found on December 31, 2019, in a number of individuals in Wuhan, People's Republic of China, who had viral pneumonia. This study was carried out in Al-Amal Hospital in Najaf Governorate on a group of 50 patients who had been infected with Coronavirus. The results revealed substantial disparities among the infected, as the average rates of PCT in the serum were practically identical. Those in critical condition had a three-fold higher fatality risk than patients in moderate condition, according to our data. That there is a substantial difference in NLR between the groups of moderate and severe COVID-19 patients, as they have considerably greater NLR in all patients. Statistical analysis revealed that in the severe group, NLR and PCT were strongly linked infected with COVID-19 pneumonia (P 0.05).In the severe group, NLR and PCT were positively associated. Furthermore, in the severe group, multifactorial logistic regression analysis for NLR, PCT, and NLR was found to be an independent risk factor for severe COVID-19 pneumonia and severe COVID-19 pneumonia.Copyright © 2023, Colegio de Farmaceuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. All rights reserved.

Face Mask Compliance and Complacency amongst Pakistan's Youth During the Third Wave of COVID-19

Objective: To assess the reasons for compliance with face mask usage amongst Pakistani youth. Study Design: Internet-based cross-sectional survey. Place and Duration of Study: Different cities of Pakistan, in April 2021. Methodology: Persons currently residing in Pakistan aged 18-29 were included in the study. The questionnaire included questions to identify self-perceptions of vulnerability to COVID-19, followed by questions about social situations where respondents wore facemasks. Results: A large number of (1,034,90%) respondents reported compliance with facemasks. Specifically, 1048(92%), 962(85%), and 850(75%) of respondents wore facemasks in healthcare facilities, marketplaces, or at work or school respectively. Nevertheless, when self-regulating, such as with family or around friends, compliance fell to 200(18%). Compliance turns to complacency when people are expected to self-regulate face mask usage. Females were more compliant than males (p<0.001). A large 779(68%) of compliant youth relied on information from Internet-based resources. Conclusion: The study correlates the reasons for compliance and complacency. In Pakistan, the most compliant youth get information from the Internet, particularly official websites and social media. © 2023, Army Medical College. All rights reserved.

Evaluation of international logistics and supply chain disruption during the COVID-19 pandemic through scientometric techniques

This study unwraps the detailed literature review and highlights the development in growing research on behalf of the .supply chain in the era of COVID-19. Earlier research on different disasters shows that there is a lack of research on pandemics. Therefore, the present study signifies the multi-perspective literature review on behalf of the supply chain associated with COVID-19. Further, to analyze the literature of this study from a broad perspective, the science mapping approach and the quantitative analysis were conducted on the basis of bibliometric references that were extracted from the web of science. © 2023, IGI Global. All rights reserved.

The relationship between social distancing and interpersonal communication through pandemic COVID-19

Throughout the pandemic COVID - 19, interpersonal communication could not be practiced in our daily routine as the COVID-19 virus is easily spread between people within close contact. This research aims to identify the relationship between social distancing and interpersonal communication during pandemic COVID - 19. This study applies the Social Exchange Theory. Quantitative method is applied in this study and data were collected through the distribution of questionnaire to 131 respondents. In addition, the findings showed that there is no significant difference on social distancing between male and female. This study discovered that there is relationship between social distancing and interpersonal communication during pandemic COVID - 19. Hence, this study contributes to the field of communication through the establishment of a more comprehensive variable related to participation in benefit of social distancing and help to develop the Social Exchange Theory. © 2023 Author(s).

Mental health outcomes in physiotherapists in COVID-19 and non-cOVID-19 care units: a cross-sectional survey in Belgium

Background: Little is known about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on physiotherapists' mental health. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on physiotherapists' mental health in Belgium. Method(s): A total of 115 physiotherapists from 12 general hospitals in Brussels, working in COVID-19 care units (CCU) or non-COVID-19 care units (NCCU), participated in an electronic survey including validated measurement tools for PTSD, anxiety, insomnia and burnout. Descriptive analyses were performed to assess differences in mental health outcomes between physiotherapists who worked in a CCU and those who worked in an NCCU. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were also performed to assess risk factors for burnout. Result(s): Results showed significant levels of PTSD (9.6%), anxiety (33.9%), insomnia (40%) and burnout (33.9%) among participants. However, no significant differences were found between the 2 groups. It was also found that being isolated during the COVID-19 pandemic was a risk factor for burnout. Conclusion(s): Although no significant differences were found between the two groups, this study highlights a concerning rate of psychopathological symptoms among participants. Hospitals should therefore invest more time and resources into actions aiming at preserving the mental health of physiotherapists.Copyright © 2023 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

Integration AHP and MOORA for Sustainable Supplier Selection During the COVID-19 Pandemic Era: A Case Study

The global COVID-19 pandemic had a complex impact on the supply chain system. Manufacturing companies always strive to be able to face corporate competition and become superior with one of them through selecting the right supplier. Suppliers have the highest risk in a company, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic era, but with the correct selection of suppliers, the company can provide strength in global competition. The purpose of this research is to be able to solve the problem of sustainable supplier selection in a garment industry in Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic through the integration method between AHP and MOORA. AHP as a method that has been proven in many studies, in this study is used to determine the weight of each criterion. Furthermore, MOORA as a method that has good selectivity in choosing the best alternative will be used in the selection process. 12 criteria with 5 alternatives are used to determine the best supplier. The contribution of this research is the integration of the AHP and MOORA methods and the determination of important criteria in the era of the COVID-19 Pandemic. The results show that the criteria for the area with the level impact of COVID-19 (C12) have the greatest weight and supplier 3 becomes the first ranked supplier or the best supplier. The integration method between AHP and MOORA is easy to use and can choose the right sustainable supplier during the COVID-19 pandemic. © 2023 American Institute of Physics Inc.. All rights reserved.

Discourses of the wandering Almajiri child as representation of the (post-) COVID generation

The African child is a curious phenomenon in a world of shrinking population and dramatic COVID-19 economic misfortune. Both of these global crises require a youthful generation of innovators and visionaries to promote new ways of regenerating the planet. Yet, as Africa represents the future in population acceleration and natural resources, the current demonization of the almajiri [pl. almajirai]-"Quranic child learner"-as a "super-spreader" in Nigeria symbolizes a disavowal of hope in the future of humanity as a whole. This negative portrayal has further highlighted the evident institutional failure to see children as victims of global inequality and to address the issue in ways that tackle the root causes of this migratory misadventure. The humanities have a role to play here, and in this essay, we will use both fictional and non-fictional narratives to trace the life chances of a class of youths who see their condition as faith, fate, and transitional. The permanence of their condition, we argue, is a relatively recent phenomenon brought about by the vicissitudes of displacement, alienation, and a culture of misplaced priorities. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023. All rights reserved.

COVID-19 and severity of liver diseases: Possible crosstalk and clinical implications.

COVID-19-infected individuals and those who recovered from the infection have been demonstrated to have elevated liver enzymes or abnormal liver biochemistries, particularly with preexisting liver diseases, liver metabolic disorders, viral hepatitis, and other hepatic comorbidities. However, possible crosstalk and intricate interplay between COVID-19 and liver disease severity are still elusive, and the available data are murky and confined. Similarly, the syndemic of other blood-borne infectious diseases, chemical-induced liver injuries, and chronic hepatic diseases continued to take lives while showing signs of worsening due to the COVID-19 crisis. Moreover, the pandemic is not over yet and is transitioning to becoming an epidemic in recent years; hence, monitoring liver function tests (LFTs) and assessing hepatic consequences of COVID-19 in patients with or without liver illnesses would be of paramount interest. This pragmatic review explores the correlations between COVID-19 and liver disease severity based on abnormal liver biochemistries and other possible mechanisms in individuals of all ages from the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic to the post-pandemic period. The review also alludes to clinical perspectives of such interactions to curb overlapping hepatic diseases in people who recovered from the infection or living with long COVID-19.

Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Vaccinated VS Non-Vaccinated Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: Retrospective Observation Study.

Objective: We aim to identify the clinical characteristics and outcome of vaccine breakthrough infection in critically ill COVID-19 patients and to compare the clinical course of disease between vaccinated and non-vaccinated patients. Methods: A retrospective review of all adult patients aged ≥18 years admitted to the ICU in King Fahd Hospital of the University in Saudi Arabia with positive COVID-19 RT-PCR test between the period of January 1st to August 31st, 2021, were included. The recruited patients were grouped in to "vaccinated and non-vaccinated group" based on their immunization status. The demographic data, co-morbidities, modality of oxygen support, ICU length of stay (ICU LOS) and mortality were collected and analyzed. Results: A total of 167 patients were included. Seventy-two patients (43%) were vaccinated. Cardiovascular diseases were higher among the vaccinated group (33.3% vs 12.6%, p value <0.001). Requirements of Non-invasive ventilation was significantly lower in vaccinated group compared to non-vaccinated group (73.6% vs 91.6%, p value <0.011). The rates of intubation were similar between both groups. The total intubation days was longer in non-vaccinated patients compared to vaccinated patients and the median duration of intubation was 8 days vs 2 days, respectively (p value 0.027). In subgroup analysis, the P/F ratio was significantly higher in patients who received two doses of vaccine compared to single dose (p value <0.002). Conclusion: In critically ill COVID-19 patients, the vaccinated group has significantly less need for Non-invasive ventilation, fewer intubation days and less hypoxia compared to non-vaccinated patients. We recommend more policies and public education nationwide and worldwide to encourage vaccination and raise awareness of the general population.

Lifestyle and Dietary Patterns during the COVID-19 Lockdown in Bahrain: A Web-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

Lifestyle factors such as dietary habits, perceived weight, sleep, and physical activity worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic. Through this study, we aimed to understand the impact of COVID-19 on these lifestyle factors in Bahrain. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1005 adult Bahrainis. Data were collected online using a structured and validated questionnaire for the assessment of eating habits, physical activity, and lifestyle during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were snowballed through those who agreed to answer the online questionnaire. There was a higher consumption of fast food, and a higher dependence on takeaways during the COVID-19 pandemic. About 63.5% of the participants consumed >4 meals per day, compared to 36.5% before the COVID-19. About 30% reported consumption of sugar sweetened beverages from two to three times a day. Weight loss was predominantly observed in persons exercising 1-3 times a week. The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages was also high, with about 19% reporting drinking sweet beverages once every day, 10.6% from two to three times a day, and 40.4% from one to four times a week. A higher proportion of the participants reported poor sleep quality during the pandemic (31.2%) compared to before (12.2%), and 39.7% of the participants reported feeling lazy. Screen time use also doubled during the pandemic, with participants spending more than five hours per day on screens for entertainment, which went from 22.4% before to 51.9% during the pandemic. The lifestyle and dietary habits changed drastically for our study participants during the pandemic. The increased reliance on processed fast food instead of healthier options is a challenge to be tackled in any future pandemic situation. Future research needs to focus on strategies to promote healthier lifestyle modifications during situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

Impact of viral co-infection on clinical outcomes and mortality of COVID-19 patients: a study from Saudi Arabia.

Background: In COVID-19 patients undetected co-infections may have severe clinical implications associated with prolonged hospitalization, ICU admission, and mortality. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the impact of viral coinfections on the outcomes of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in a large tertiary Saudi Arabian Hospital. Methods: A total of 178 adult patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 who were hospitalized at the Armed Forces Hospital Southern Region (AFHSR), Saudi Arabia, from March 1st to June 30th 2022, were enrolled. Real-time PCR for the detection of viral co­infections was carried out. Cases (SARS-CoV-2 with viral coinfections) and control (SARS-CoV-2 mono-infection) groups were compared. Results: 12/178 (7%) of enrolled COVID-19 patients had viral coinfections. 82/178 (46%) of patients were males. 58% of patients had comorbidities. During the study period, 4/12 (33%) and 21/166 (13%) cases and control patients died, p=0.047, respectively. Duration of hospitalization was the only significant independent factor associated with SARS-CoV-2 coinfections, OR 1.140, 95% CI 1.020-1.274, p=0.021. Conclusions: The findings of this study from a large tertiary Saudi Arabian Center revealed a prevalence of 7% for SARS-CoV-2 viral coinfections. SARS-CoV-2 coinfected patients had a significantly prolonged duration of hospitalization and higher mortality than those with SARS-CoV-2 alone. Future studies are needed.

A Fractional Order Covid-19 Epidemic Model with Mittag–Leffler Kernel

We consider a nonlinear fractional-order Covid-19 model in a sense of the Atagana–Baleanu fractional derivative used for the analytic and computational studies. The model consists of six classes of persons, including susceptible, protected susceptible, asymptomatic infected, symptomatic infected, quarantined, and recovered individuals. The model is studied for the existence of solution with the help of a successive iterative technique with limit point as the solution of the model. The Hyers–Ulam stability is also studied. A numerical scheme is proposed and tested on the basis of the available literature. The graphical results predict the curtail of spread within the next 5000 days. Moreover, there is a gradual increase in the population of protected susceptible individuals. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Mathematical Sciences is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Correlation of clinical, laboratory, ventilation, and outcome parameters in hospitalized Coronavirus Disease 2019-infected patients with computed tomography severity score

Context Widespread prevalence of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection with high rates of morbidity and mortality necessitates early case definition and severity grading to predict prognosis and improve disease outcome parameters. Purpose To correlate computed tomography severity score (CTSS) in COVID-19-infected patients with their clinical, laboratory, method of ventilation, and disease outcome parameters. Patients and methods A retrospective analysis was performed on 139 COVID-19-infected patients with typical or indeterminate COVID radiological patterns with a correlation between CTSS and their clinical, laboratory, ventilation, hospital stay, and survival data. Results A total of 139 cases were included, with a mean age of 59.81 +/- 12.29 years, 63.3% males, 28.77% were noncomorbid, and oxygen saturation of 82.53 +/- 6.58 SD. They were subgrouped based on CTSS. A significant correlation was found between high CTSS and oxygen saturation, C-reactive protein, ferritin, D-dimer, lymphopenia, diabetes comorbid patients, need for high-flow oxygen therapy, need for noninvasive or invasive ventilation, mortality, and number of hospital stay in days. Conclusion Different parameters are correlated with high CTSS, especially low oxygen saturation, high C-reactive protein or ferritin values, diabetes, and long hospital stay.Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications. All rights reserved.

Global face mask pollution: threats to the environment and wildlife, and potential solutions.

Face masks are an indispensable low-cost public healthcare necessity for containing viral transmission. After the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) became a pandemic, there was an unprecedented demand for, and subsequent increase in face mask production and use, leading to global ecological challenges, including excessive resource consumption and significant environmental pollution. Here, we review the global demand volume for face masks and the associated energy consumption and pollution potential throughout their life cycle. First, the production and distribution processes consume petroleum-based raw materials and other energy sources and release greenhouse gases. Second, most methods of mask waste disposal result in secondary microplastic pollution and the release of toxic gases and organic substances. Third, face masks discarded in outdoor environments represent a new plastic pollutant and pose significant challenges to the environment and wildlife in various ecosystems. Therefore, the long-term impacts on environmental and wildlife health aspects related to the production, use, and disposal of face masks should be considered and urgently investigated. Here, we propose five reasonable countermeasures to alleviate these global-scale ecological crises induced by mask use during and following the COVID-19 pandemic era: increasing public awareness; improving mask waste management; innovating waste disposal methods; developing biodegradable masks; and formulating relevant policies and regulations. Implementation of these measures will help address the pollution caused by face masks.

Determining the Effect of COVID-19 on the Menstrual Cycle Among Women of Reproductive Age Group in the Jazan Region: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has gravely affected the world in various ways. COVID-19 is a major health crisis, with long-term physical and mental health consequences. Many women reported menstrual irregularities during and after the pandemic. The study aimed to assess the effects of COVID-19 on menstrual cycles in females of reproductive age in the Jazan region. METHODOLOGY: A descriptive cross-sectional research design was utilized to conduct the study in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 346 women aged 18-44 years who had normal menstrual cycles for more than a year before the outbreak and had a history of COVID-19 infection. RESULT: The questionnaire was completed by 346 women. Only 144 (41.6%) of the study's respondents were aged 25-34 years. Of the respondents, 283 (81.8%) were university students, and 219 (63.3%) were married. The majority of women (337, 97.4%) were vaccinated against COVID-19. A total of 301 (87.0%) were healthy. Before being infected with COVID-19, 19.70% of the responders had irregular periods, which increased to 59.50% during infection and 33.20% after getting better. There was a relationship between the regularity of menstrual periods during COVID-19 infection and the duration of menstrual periods after COVID-19 (p = 0.035); the frequency of menstrual periods before (p = 0.001), during (p = 0.009), and after (p = 0.001) COVID-19; menstrual period regularity before (p = 0.001) and after (p = 0.001) COVID-19 infection; and pain severity level during (p = 0.001) and after (p = 0.004) COVID-19 infection. Regarding the perception of the impact of COVID-19 on menstrual changes, there was an association between COVID-19 infection and variation in days during two consecutive menstrual cycles (p = 0.001), changes in the duration of menstrual cycles (p = 0.022), delayed or absent menstruation (p = 0.019), and menstruation stopping (p = 0.023). CONCLUSION: The research demonstrated the COVID-19 pandemic is an international health problem that affects women, leading to changes in regularity, duration, frequency, and severity of pain. These changes may have a long-term impact on women's reproductive health.

Injection-site reactions post mRNA COVID-19 vaccination

Background: To date, over 10 million doses of mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2 mRNA and mRNA-1273) have been administered in Singapore. Initial studies have shown that 0.8% of individuals who received Moderna mRNA vaccine developed delayed injection-site reactions. Reactions to the Moderna mRNA vaccine are thought to be benign and not a contraindication to further doses. Injection-site reactions associated with the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine are less clearly defined. We report the characteristics of mRNA COVID-19 injection-site reactions, comparing the clinical features between Moderna (mRNA-1273) and Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) reactions in the Singaporean adult population. Method(s): We retrospectively reviewed patients referred to the Dermatology Service / Allergy Centre of a tertiary hospital in Singapore for reactions post COVID-19 vaccination between 10 Jan 2021 and 26 Aug 2021. Inclusion criteria were adult patients who developed a localised injection-site reaction after either Moderna or Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. Result(s): 322 patients were referred for post-COVID- 19 vaccine reactions, of which 21 developed injection-site reactions. 11 (52%) had received the Moderna mRNA vaccine while 10 (48%) received the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine. Patients receiving the Moderna mRNA vaccine had a longer mean latency period (p = 0.047) and were more likely to have a latency duration of > 5 days (p = 0.007). Secondary dissemination of the injection-site reaction was seen in 2 patients. 11 (52%) of these reactions resolved without treatment;while the remaining 10 (48%) required symptomatic treatment with topical corticosteroids, antihistamines, or a combination of both. All 21 patients subsequently received the second vaccine dose, of which 2 (9.5%) developed recurrence of the reaction;both of which were mild and did not require treatment. Conclusion(s): Localised injection-site reactions post Moderna or Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA COVID-19 vaccination are uncommon and appear to be phenotypically different. Such reactions are benign and self-limited. While recurrence of the reaction can arise during repeat vaccine doses, these are mild and self-limited.

Value of Montelukast as a potential treatment of Post COVID-19 Persistent cough: A randomized controlled pilot study

This pilot study included 68 cases with Post-COVID-19 persistent cough (> 8 weeks), randomly allocated into two groups;intervention group 32 patients received standard cough therapy and Montelukast 10 mg/day for14 days and control group 36 patients received cough sedatives. We found significant improvement in number of cough paroxysms/day, cough severity visual analog scale, cough severity index and cough quality of life, shorter duration improvement and minimal side effects in interventional group. We suggest that Montelukast may be effective to reduce duration, severity of persistent Post COVID-19 cough and improve quality of life.

Encephalitis or Stroke? A Case Report of Thalamic Stroke in COVID Era

Introduction: Since 2019, COVID-19 pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus has led to a worldwide pandemic. Since then, various neurological manifestations of COVID-19 pneumonia have been reported. Neurological manifestations include headache, anosmia, seizures, and altered mental status. In some cases, it presents as stroke, encephalitis, and neuropathy. Artery of Percheron (AOP) is a variant in the posterior circulation. Here, a single artery arises from the posterior cerebral artery p1 segment. It supplies bilateral thalamus with or without midbrain. Thrombosis in this artery leads to clinical symptoms like reduced level of consciousness, altered mental status, and memory impairment. Case Report: Here, we present a case who presented with fever and altered sensorium without any focal neurological deficits and without known risk factors for stroke. His COVID-19 PCR was positive. He was initially diagnosed as COVID-19 pneumonia with encephalitis and was started on treatment for the same. His initial CT brain and lumbar puncture were normal. The next day, when MRI brain with and without contrast was done, the thalamic stroke due to AOP infarction was diagnosed and appropriate treatment for stroke was initiated. Discussion(s): Many patients miss the window for thrombolysis because of variable presentation in clinical symptoms with negative imaging. It is also difficult to assess the time of onset of stroke in this varied presentation. Our patient had fever and cough for 2 days and had altered mental status since the morning of admission. During hospital stay, he developed bilateral third nerve palsy. This case also highlights the importance of detailed evaluation in COVID-19 patients with neurological complaints. This helps to avoid delays in treatment and to improve clinical outcomes. As our knowledge of COVID-19 and its varied neurological manifestations evolve, we need to be prepared for more atypical presentation to facilitate timely interventions.Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.

Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 between ICU and non-ICU patients

Introduction: During the peak of COVID-19 crisis between May and September 2021, Hospital UiTM Sg. Buloh was converted to a full COVID-19 hospital. We described our experience in managing active COVID-19 patients and subsequent follow-ups. Result(s): 215 COVID-19 patients were admitted to Hospital UiTM Sg Buloh between May and September 2021;81 patients (38%) required ICU admission, and 134 patients (62%) required only ward admission. Mean age was 53 years old, male 61%, mean day of illness at presentation was 9 days, and mean duration of hospital admission was 10 days. Fully vaccinated patients were less likely to be admitted to ICU, OR 0.2 (0.04 - 0.89). ICU patients were more likely to be female Adj OR 2.0 (1.11-3.56), diabetic Adj OR 1.9 (1.04-3.68), have more extended hospital stay (17 vs. 6 days), and higher mortality OR 5.50 (2.64-11.34). In terms of laboratory investigations 24 hours prior to oxygen requirement, those required ICU admissions have higher creatinine (167 vs. 107 mmol/L), CRP (115 vs. 69 ug/L), and ALT (80 vs. 53 mmol/L), as well as lower PF ratio (148 vs. 210). Cardiac arrhythmias and secondary infection were more likely in ICU patients, Adj OR 16.44 (1.56-172.81) and 12.05 (5.44-26.69), respectively. While pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, subcutaneous emphysema, and acute cor-pulmonale were only observed in ICU patients. Mortality was recorded in 43 cases (20%). 83 patients out of 172 COVID-19 survivors (48%) attended a 3-month follow-up which revealed no difference in symptoms, 6-minute-walk-tests, and spirometry between ICU and non-ICU patients. Conclusion(s): ICU COVID-19 patients have poorer outcomes during hospital admission but similar recovery with nonICU patients at 3-month follow-up.